Based on this tradition from four millenia, the modern Republic of Turkey, founded in 1923, is continuing to develop her water resources.

Several dams, irrigation canals, long distance water conveyance systems date back to the 14th to early 20th centuries, the Ottoman period in Turkey. Some dams, canals, watermills date back to the 11th to 14th centuries, the Seljukide period in Central and Eastern Anatolia. Long-distance water conveyance systems, pipes, masonry canals, inverted siphons, tunnels, dams date back to the second half of the I st millenium BC and the I st millenium AD, the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods in Western and Southern Anatolia. Several dams, irrigation canals, qanats date back to the first half of the I st millenium BC, the Urartu period in Eastern Anatolia. There are remains of dams, irrigation canals, and water collection structures dating back to the II nd millenium BC, the Hittite period in Central Anatolia. Some of them are still in operation after several centuries or even several millennia. (197p 9.Turkey is one of the foremost open-air museums of the world with regard to historical water works from the last 4000 years. Second, such systems delivered water that facilitated other activities, and thus their importance must be understood in relation to broader developments and the challenges that California's varied landscapes posed. First, structures designed to move water from one place to another are frequently part of a larger system and can be evaluated only by consideration of the entire system. The term 'water conveyance system' underscores two concepts that are central to this approach. This report offers a thematic approach to the identification and evaluation of the major types of water conveyance systems found in California. Likely properties include any prehistoric or mission-era irrigation systems gold rush-era mining ditches early or major irrigation, reclamation, or hydroelectric systems major multi-purpose systems flumes, tunnels, or ditches that may possess engineering, construction, or design distinction properties associated with important events, such as critical or precedent setting litigation and any early or prototype facilities. Some level of research may be necessary to identify the possibility of historical associations and to reach a conclusion as to whether an evaluative study would be warranted, but certain types of water conveyance facilities are generally more likely than others to require study. Sufficient research has now been conducted on California's water conveyance systems to provide this historic context and survey methodology for the appropriate consideration of water conveyance systems, especially the frequently encountered canals and ditches, in order to take into account the effect of transportation projects on historic water conveyance facilities. Consequently, little guidance has been developed at a national or regional level, leaving California to develop its own statewide historic context and methodology.

Because of California's unique combination of natural resources, climate, topography, history, and development patterns, the state has a variety and number of water conveyance systems possessed by few if any other states. Under these circumstances, developing a basic historical context would allow researchers to work from a baseline of existing knowledge, thus helping to achieve a suitable balance between the need for adequate information and expenditure of a reasonable level of effort. However, important water conveyance systems are frequently extensive and sometimes quite complex, while transportation project effects on them are typically limited to a small segment of the entire property. There is increased awareness that canals and other water conveyance facilities can be historically significant, and that when transportation projects do have the potential to affect them, they need to be studied systematically.

Water conveyance system pdf